![]() Importantly, the abundance of T cell subsets, especially tumor-infiltrating T cells, can influence clinical outcomes and prognosis ( 9). There are two major classes of T cells, namely, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, each of which includes many functional subpopulations. T cells play a pivotal role in the initiation, progression and treatment of cancer (especially immunotherapy) ( 8). Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are the main immune signature and are strongly associated with the clinical outcome of immunotherapy ( 7). The immune system consists of various proteins, immune cells and tissues with a complex structure and is an important means of host defense ( 6). The current success of antagonists targeting immune checkpoints in a variety of solid tumors ( 3, 4) has rekindled interest in immunotherapy-based therapies for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer ( 4, 5). Likewise, the immune system plays a key role in determining the occurrence of breast cancer and death, the response to standard therapy and the long-term survival of breast cancer patients ( 2). In recent years, increasing research has supported the important role of the immune system in tumorigenesis and cancer development. These sobering data indicate an urgent need for innovative approaches to breast cancer treatment based on chemotherapy and hormonal therapy to reduce disease recurrence and death from this disease. Advances in early detection and treatment have greatly reduced breast cancer mortality, but patients still succumb to the development of metastasis from breast cancer. It is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among females worldwide ( 1). Our study might contribute to the optimization of the risk stratification for survival and the personalized management of breast cancer.īreast cancer remains a major threat to women’s health and wellness. In addition, a new nomogram was constructed based on the gene signature and clinicopathological features to improve the risk stratification and quantify the risk assessment of individual patients. Our research found that a higher immune infiltration-related risk score (IRS) indicates that the patient has a worse prognosis and is not very sensitive to immunotherapy. Different bioinformatics and statistical approaches were combined to construct a robust immune infiltration-related gene signature for predicting patient prognosis and responses to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. We evaluated the relationship between various immune cells and breast cancer and confirmed the association between immune infiltration and breast cancer progression. Current assessment models are insufficient to accurately predict patient prognosis, and models for predicting treatment response are lacking. 2Department of Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Chinaīreast cancer patients show significant heterogeneity in overall survival.1Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.Yang Peng 1†, Haochen Yu 1†, Yudi Jin 1, Fanli Qu 2, Haoyu Ren 1, Zhenrong Tang 1, Yingzi Zhang 1, Chi Qu 1, Beige Zong 1 and Shengchun Liu 1*
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